Bio-Humoral and Non-Invasive Haemodynamic Correlates of Renal Venous Flow Patterns across the Heart Failure Spectrum

Background: We evaluated the bio-humoral and non-invasive haemodynamic correlates of renal congestion by Doppler venous flow (RVF) across heart failure (HF) spectrum, from asymptomatic subjects with cardiovascular risk factors (Stage A) structural disease B) to patients clinically overt HF C). Methods: Ultrasound evaluation, including echocardiography, lung ultrasound RVF, along blood urine sampling, was performed in 304 patients. Results: Continuous RVF observed 230 (76%), while discontinuous (dRVF) 74 (24%): 39 had pulsatile 18 biphasic 17 monophasic RVF. Stage C significantly more common among dRVF. Monophasic associated worse function a higher urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR). After adjusting for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, presence serum creatinine levels, worsening patterns were NT-proBNP right ventricular–arterial coupling, larger inferior vena cava echo-derived pulmonary artery wedge pressure. This trend confirmed when only analysed after left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). Conclusion: Abnormal is spectrum. Worsening are independently increased congestion, haemodynamics impaired RV-arterial coupling. evaluation could refine prognostic stratification irrespective LVEF.